2023 Whitman County, Washington Demographics | Data & Analysis

Ready-to-use reports, analytics, and visualizations covering Whitman County, Washington, including population, race, income, and more. Based on 2023 American Community Survey Estimates.

Whitman County, Washington Key Demographic Statistics (2023 Estimates)

Key demographic statistics summarized from the U.S. Census Bureau's 2023 American Community Survey (ACS).

Total Population
47,042
Median Age
26.1 years
Median Household Income
$52,893
Median Property Value
$323,300
Bachelor's Degree+
50.16%
Uninsured Rate
5.4%
Total Households
17,952
Total Workers
23,559
Citizenship Rate
94.6%
Total Veterans
1,863
Top Veteran Era
Vietnam Era Only
Poverty Rate
9.3%
Families in Poverty
800
SNAP Recipients
10.08%
Households w/ SNAP
1,810

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey (ACS) Estimates

Whitman County, Washington Demographics: Age & Gender Distribution (2023)

Population pyramid for Whitman County, Washington showing male vs female age distribution based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: Population distribution by age and sex in Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

Key Demographic Indicators for Whitman County, Washington

The following statistics highlight Whitman County, Washington population and median age, based on U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS Estimates.

Total Population
47,042
Median Age (Total)
26.1 years
Median Age (Male)
26.2 years
Median Age (Female)
26.1 years

Whitman County, Washington Population Age Distribution 2023

Table 1: Percentage distribution of population by age group in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Age CohortShare of Population
Under 5 years4.13%
5–17 years (Children)11.57%
18–24 years (Young Adults)32.52%
25–34 years13.98%
35–54 years17.65%
55–64 years8.55%
65 years and over (Seniors)11.60%

Dependency Ratios Analysis

Total Dependency Ratio
37.55
Youth Dependency Ratio
21.59 Population under 18 relative to working age (18-64).
Old-Age Dependency Ratio
15.95 Population 65+ relative to working age (18-64).

A higher ratio indicates a greater financial and social burden on the working population to support non-working age groups.


What is the Racial and Ethnic Breakdown of Whitman County, Washington (2023)?

Pie chart showing the racial and ethnic composition of Whitman County, Washington based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: Racial and ethnic breakdown of Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

Diversity & Cultural Composition of Whitman County, Washington

The racial makeup and ethnic composition of Whitman County, Washington are detailed below, drawing from the U.S. Census Bureau's 2023 ACS Estimates.

Diversity Index Score
43.78
Diversity Tier
moderate
Definition
The probability that two individuals chosen at random from Whitman County, Washington will be from different racial or ethnic groups.

Whitman County, Washington Population by Race/Ethnicity

Table 1: Population Percentage by Racial and Ethnic Group in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Racial/Ethnic GroupPercentage
White Alone (Non-Hispanic)73.76%
Hispanic or Latino (Any Race)8.04%
Two or More Races7.68%
Asian Alone7.40%
Black/African American Alone1.56%
Some Other Race Alone0.98%
American Indian and Alaska Native Alone0.40%
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Alone0.18%

Whitman County, Washington Economic Demographics: Household Income Statistics (2023)

Bar chart showing household income distribution brackets for Whitman County, Washington based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: Household income distribution in Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

Economic Snapshot for Whitman County, Washington

The following data illustrates the financial landscape of Whitman County, Washington, based on the latest U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS Estimates.

Median Household Income
$52,893 (Adjusted for inflation)
Total Households Analyzed
17,952

Whitman County, Washington Household Income Distribution by Income Brackets

Table 1: Percentage distribution of household income in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Annual Income RangeShare of Households
Less than $20,00022.32%
$20,000 to $34,99915.29%
$35,000 to $49,99910.93%
$50,000 to $74,99912.86%
$75,000 to $149,99923.33%
$150,000 or more15.28%

Whitman County, Washington Real Estate Demographics: Property Values (2023)

Line chart showing property value distribution for owner-occupied homes in Whitman County, Washington based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: Property value distribution in Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

Real Estate Market Snapshot for Whitman County, Washington

The following data highlights the distribution of owner-occupied housing values in Whitman County, Washington, based on the latest U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS Estimates.

Median Property Value
$323,300
Total Properties Analyzed
8,365 (Owner-occupied units)

Whitman County, Washington Property Value Brackets

Table 1: Percentage distribution of property values in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Value RangeShare of Properties
Less than $25,0003.86%
$25,000 to $49,9991.65%
$50,000 to $99,9997.22%
$100,000 to $199,99913.23%
$200,000 to $499,99953.16%
$500,000 to $999,99919.99%
$1,000,000 or more0.88%

Whitman County, Washington Educational Attainment Statistics (2023)

Treemap chart illustrating educational attainment levels for adults 25+ in Whitman County, Washington based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: Educational breakdown in Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

Education Snapshot for Whitman County, Washington

The following statistics represent the educational background of residents aged 25 and older in Whitman County, Washington, based on U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS Estimates.

High School Graduate or Higher
96.07%
Bachelor's Degree or Higher
50.16%
Total Population Analyzed (25+)
24,357

Whitman County, Washington Education Levels

Table 1: Detailed educational attainment distribution in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Education LevelShare of Population (25+)
Less than high school graduate3.93%
High school graduate (incl. equivalency)15.06%
Some college or associate's degree30.86%
Bachelor's Degree27.11%
Graduate or professional degree23.05%

Whitman County, Washington Health Insurance Coverage Statistics (2023)

Pyramid chart showing health insurance coverage distribution by age and sex in Whitman County, Washington based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: Health insurance coverage gaps in Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

Healthcare Coverage Snapshot for Whitman County, Washington

The following data illustrates the health coverage landscape of Whitman County, Washington, based on U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS Estimates.

Overall Uninsured Rate
5.4%
Total Uninsured Population
2,531
Total Civilian Population
46,653

The uninsured rates vary significantly by demographic group. Children under 18 and seniors aged 65+ generally have higher coverage rates due to public programs like Medicaid/CHIP and Medicare.

Whitman County, Washington Uninsured Rates by Demographics

Table 1: Uninsured Rates by Age Group and Sex in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Age GroupMale Uninsured %Female Uninsured %
Under 182.7%2.6%
18-34 years9.5%5.9%
35-64 years6.7%5.1%
65+ years1.0%0.1%

Whitman County, Washington Nativity & Citizenship Statistics (2023)

Treemap showing population distribution by nativity and citizenship status in Whitman County, Washington based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: Citizenship status breakdown in Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

Citizenship Snapshot for Whitman County, Washington

The following data details the citizenship status and nativity of the population in Whitman County, Washington, based on U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS Estimates.

U.S. Citizenship Rate
94.6% (Native-born + Naturalized)
Naturalized Citizens
1,237 (Foreign-born individuals who acquired citizenship)
Non-Citizen Residents
2,524

Whitman County, Washington Nativity Breakdown

Table 1: Nativity and Citizenship Distribution in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Nativity/Citizenship StatusPercentage
Born in the United States90.0%
Born in Puerto Rico or U.S. Island Areas0.2%
Born abroad of American parent(s)1.8%
U.S. citizen by naturalization2.6%
Not a U.S. citizen5.4%
Total U.S. Citizens 94.6%

Whitman County, Washington Commuting & Transportation Statistics (2023)

Treemap chart illustrating how workers in Whitman County, Washington commute to work based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: Commute mode split in Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

Commuter Snapshot for Whitman County, Washington

The following data details the commuting habits of the workforce in Whitman County, Washington, based on U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS Estimates.

Drove to Work (Car/Truck/Van)
72.7%
Public Transportation Usage
3.4%
Work From Home Rate
9.5%
Total Workers Analyzed
23,122

Whitman County, Washington Commute Breakdown

Table 1: Commuting Methods Distribution in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Transportation MethodPercentageNumber of Workers
Car, truck, or van72.7%16,817
Public transportation3.4%797
Bicycle1.5%356
Walked11.7%2,701
Taxicab, motorcycle, or other means1.1%258
Worked from home9.5%2,193
Total Workers- 23,122

Whitman County, Washington Employment by Class of Worker (2023)

Bar chart showing employment distribution by class of worker (Private, Government, Self-Employed) in Whitman County, Washington based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: Workforce composition in Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

Workforce Snapshot for Whitman County, Washington

The following statistics categorize the civilian employed population aged 16 and over in Whitman County, Washington by their employment sector, based on U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS Estimates.

Total Employed Civilian Population
23,559
Private Sector (Profit & Non-Profit)
Includes For-Profit and Non-Profit organizations
Government Workers
Includes Local, State, and Federal employees
Self-Employed Workers
Includes own not incorporated business workers

Whitman County, Washington Employment Sector Breakdown

Table 1: Employment Distribution by Class of Worker and Sex in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Employment ClassMale WorkersFemale Workers
Private For-Profit7,362 (31.2%)5,625 (23.9%)
Private Non-Profit618 (2.6%)904 (3.8%)
Government (All Levels)3,893 (16.5%)3,976 (16.9%)
• Local Government481855
• State Government3,0273,000
• Federal Government385121
Self-Employed713 (3.0%)402 (1.7%)

Definitions: "Private sector" includes employees of for-profit and non-profit companies. "Government" includes all local, state, and federal employees. "Self-employed" refers to those operating their own unincorporated businesses.


Whitman County, Washington Veteran Population & Service Statistics (2023)

Bar chart showing the distribution of veterans by period of military service in Whitman County, Washington based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: Veteran service eras in Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

Veteran Community Snapshot for Whitman County, Washington

The following data details the civilian veteran population aged 18 and over in Whitman County, Washington, based on U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS Estimates.

Total Civilian Veterans
1,863
Primary Service Era
Vietnam Era Only
531 veterans (28.5%)

Whitman County, Washington Service Period Breakdown

Table 1: Veteran Distribution by Period of Military Service in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Period of ServiceNumber of VeteransPercentage
Vietnam Era Only (August 1964 to April 1975)53128.5%
Between Gulf War and Vietnam Era34918.7%
Gulf War Only (August 1990 to August 2001)33117.8%
Post-9/11 Only (September 2001 or later)25113.5%
Post-9/11 and Gulf War (August 1990 to August 2001)19910.7%
Between Vietnam Era and Korean War965.2%
Korean War Only (July 1950 to January 1955)553.0%
Between Korean War and World War II221.2%
World War II Only (December 1941 to December 1946)130.7%
Gulf War and Vietnam Era120.6%
Post-9/11, Gulf War, and Vietnam Era40.2%
Total Veterans1,863100.0%

Note: Periods of service include World War II (Dec 1941–Dec 1946), Korean War (Jul 1950–Jan 1955), Vietnam Era (Aug 1964–Apr 1975), Gulf War (Aug 1990–Aug 2001), and Post-9/11 (Sept 2001 or later). Veterans may have served in multiple eras.


Whitman County, Washington Family Poverty & Income Statistics (2023)

Bar chart showing family distribution by income-to-poverty ratio in Whitman County, Washington, based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: Family economic status in Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

Family Economic Security Snapshot for Whitman County, Washington

The following data categorizes families in Whitman County, Washington by their income relative to the federal poverty threshold, based on U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS Estimates.

Families Below Poverty Line (<100%)
9.3% (800 families)
Families Near Poverty (100-199%)
28.9% (2,490 families)
Families with Secure Income (200%+)
61.9% (5,338 families)

Whitman County, Washington Income-to-Poverty Ratio Breakdown

Table 1: Family Distribution by Income-to-Poverty Ratio in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Income-to-Poverty Ratio CategoryNumber of FamiliesPercentage
Below 50% of Poverty4895.7%
50-74% of Poverty1481.7%
75-99% of Poverty1631.9%
100-124% of Poverty4625.4%
125-149% of Poverty3644.2%
150-174% of Poverty2773.2%
175-184% of Poverty1151.3%
185-199% of Poverty600.7%
200-299% of Poverty1,21214.0%
300-399% of Poverty1,20414.0%
400-499% of Poverty1,28414.9%
500%+ of Poverty2,85033.0%
Total Families8,628100.0%

Definition: The "Income-to-Poverty Ratio" measures a family's income against the federal poverty threshold. A ratio below 1.00 means the family is in poverty. Ratios between 1.00 and 1.99 indicate low income ("near poverty"), while ratios of 2.00 or higher suggest greater economic security.


Whitman County, Washington SNAP/Food Stamps Statistics (2023)

Stacked bar chart showing SNAP recipient household composition by presence of children in Whitman County, Washington, based on 2023 ACS data.
Figure 1: SNAP household demographics in Whitman County, Washington. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 ACS Estimates.

SNAP Participation Snapshot for Whitman County, Washington

The following data details household participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in Whitman County, Washington, based on U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS Estimates.

Total Households Receiving SNAP
1,810 (10.08% of all households)
Recipient Households with Children
740 (40.88% of recipients)
Total Households Analyzed
17,952

Whitman County, Washington SNAP Recipient Demographics

Table 1: SNAP Recipient Household Composition in Whitman County, Washington, 2023
Household TypeWith Children Under 18No Children Under 18
Married-Couple Family279 (15.41%)186 (10.28%)
Male Householder, No Spouse110 (6.08%)42 (2.32%)
Female Householder, No Spouse340 (18.78%)123 (6.80%)
Nonfamily Households11 (0.61%)719 (39.72%)

About this data: The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides food assistance to low-income families. Households with children often face higher participation rates due to eligibility guidelines prioritizing child nutrition. "Nonfamily households" typically refer to individuals living alone or with unrelated roommates.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

The age breakdown for Whitman County, Washington is as follows: Under 5: 4.13%, Ages 5–17: 11.57%, Ages 18–24: 32.52%, Ages 25–34: 13.98%, Ages 35–54: 17.65%, Ages 55–64: 8.55%, and 65 or older: 11.60%.

The racial and ethnic composition of Whitman County, Washington is dominated by: White Alone (Non-Hispanic): 73.76%, Hispanic or Latino (Any Race): 8.04%, Two or More Races: 7.68%. The complete breakdown includes 8 distinct racial and ethnic categories.

The median household income in Whitman County, Washington is $52,893. This represents the midpoint of all household incomes in the area, meaning half of households earn more than this amount and half earn less.

The household income distribution in Whitman County, Washington is: Very Low Income (under $20,000): 22.32%, Low Income ($20,000-$34,999): 15.29%, Lower Middle Income ($35,000-$49,999): 10.93%, Middle Income ($50,000-$74,999): 12.86%, Upper Middle Income ($75,000-$149,999): 23.33%, High Income ($150,000+): 15.28%.

Approximately 27.28% of households in Whitman County, Washington earn over $100,000 annually. This includes households earning between $100,000 and $124,999, $125,000 and $149,999, $150,000 and $199,999, and $200,000 or more.

The median property value for owner-occupied housing units in Whitman County, Washington is $323,300. This represents the midpoint of all property values in the area, meaning half of homes are valued above this amount and half are valued below. The median is a better indicator of typical home values than the average because it is not skewed by extremely high or low property values.

The property value distribution for owner-occupied housing units in Whitman County, Washington is: Less than $25,000: 3.86%, $25,000-$49,999: 1.65%, $50,000-$99,999: 7.22%, $100,000-$199,999: 13.23%, $200,000-$499,999: 53.16%, $500,000-$999,999: 19.99%, $1,000,000 or more: 0.88%.

There are 8,365 owner-occupied housing units in Whitman County, Washington. This represents homes that are owned by the people living in them, as opposed to rental properties or vacant units.

Approximately 20.87% of owner-occupied housing units in Whitman County, Washington are valued over $500,000. This includes properties valued between $500,000 and $749,999, $750,000 and $999,999, $1,000,000 and $1,499,999, $1,500,000 and $1,999,999, and $2,000,000 or more.

In Whitman County, Washington, 50.16% of the population aged 25 and older holds a bachelor's degree or higher. This includes those with bachelor's degrees as well as those with graduate or professional degrees.

The educational attainment breakdown for Whitman County, Washington (population 25+) is: Less than high school graduate: 3.93%, High school graduate (including equivalency): 15.06%, Some college or associate's degree: 30.86%, Bachelor's degree: 27.11%, Graduate or professional degree: 23.05%.

In Whitman County, Washington, 96.07% of the population aged 25 and older has completed at least a high school education. This includes high school graduates, those with some college, associate's degrees, bachelor's degrees, and graduate degrees.

In Whitman County, Washington, 5.4% of the population lacks health insurance coverage. This represents 2,531 individuals out of a total population of 46,653 people.

The uninsured rates vary by age group in Whitman County, Washington. For young adults (18-34 years), 9.5% of males and 5.9% of females lack coverage. In the 35-64 age group, 6.7% of males and 5.1% of females are uninsured. These working-age populations typically face different coverage challenges than children or seniors.

Children under 18 in Whitman County, Washington have uninsured rates of 2.7% for males and 2.6% for females. Seniors aged 65 and older, who are typically covered by Medicare, have uninsured rates of 1.0% for males and 0.1% for females. These age groups generally have higher coverage rates due to public programs.

In Whitman County, Washington, 94.6% of the population are U.S. citizens. This includes native-born citizens and naturalized citizens. Out of a total population of 47,042 people, 44,518 are U.S. citizens.

Whitman County, Washington has 1,237 naturalized U.S. citizens, representing 2.6% of the total population. These are foreign-born individuals who have gone through the naturalization process to become U.S. citizens.

The nativity and citizenship breakdown for Whitman County, Washington is: 90.0% were born in the United States, 0.2% were born in Puerto Rico or U.S. Island Areas, 1.8% were born abroad of American parent(s), 2.6% are foreign-born naturalized U.S. citizens, and 5.4% are foreign-born non-citizens.

In Whitman County, Washington, 72.7% of workers commute by car, truck, or van, making it the most common means of transportation to work. Out of 23,122 total workers, 16,817 use personal vehicles for their commute.

797 workers in Whitman County, Washington use public transportation (excluding taxicabs) to commute to work, representing 3.4% of all workers. This includes buses, subways, light rail, commuter trains, and ferries.

Alternative commute methods in Whitman County, Washington include: 9.5% work from home, 11.7% walk to work, 1.5% bicycle, and 1.1% use other means such as taxicabs or motorcycles. These alternatives to driving alone help reduce traffic congestion and environmental impact.

"Class of worker" refers to the type of employer or work arrangement for employed civilians aged 16 and over in Whitman County, Washington. It categorizes workers into private sector (for-profit and non-profit), government (local, state, and federal), self-employed, and unpaid family workers. This classification helps understand the employment structure and economic composition of the workforce.

According to the American Community Survey, Whitman County, Washington has 23,559 employed civilians aged 16 and over. The private for-profit sector employs the largest share of workers, with 31.2% of male workers and 23.9% of female workers in this category.

In Whitman County, Washington, there are 3,893 male government workers and 3,976 female government workers. Government employment includes local, state, and federal positions. This represents 16.5% of male workers and 16.9% of female workers.

Self-employment in Whitman County, Washington includes 713 males (3.0%) and 402 females (1.7%). Self-employed workers operate their own businesses that are not legally incorporated.

In Whitman County, Washington, 1,810 households (10.08% of all households) received SNAP/Food Stamps benefits in the past 12 months. Out of 17,952 total households, these families rely on this federal nutrition assistance program to help purchase food.

Of the SNAP-receiving households in Whitman County, Washington, 740 (40.88%) have children under 18 years. These families face additional nutritional needs and food security challenges as they work to provide adequate nutrition for growing children.

SNAP recipients in Whitman County, Washington include diverse household types. Among households with children, 340 (18.78%) are headed by a female householder with no spouse present, while 279 (15.41%) are married-couple families. The program also serves households without children, including seniors, disabled individuals, and working adults facing economic challenges.

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as Food Stamps, is a federal program that provides nutrition assistance to low-income individuals and families. Eligibility is based on household income, resources, and size. In Whitman County, Washington, SNAP helps eligible households purchase nutritious food at authorized retailers. The program aims to alleviate hunger and improve nutrition and health outcomes for vulnerable populations.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey, there are 1,863 civilian veterans aged 18 and over living in Whitman County, Washington. These individuals have served on active duty in the U.S. Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard. This number does not include those with only National Guard or Reserves training without active duty service.

The most common period of military service for veterans in Whitman County, Washington is Vietnam Era Only, with 531 veterans (28.5% of all veterans) who served during this period. The second most common period is Between Gulf War & Vietnam, with 349 veterans (18.7%).

"Period of service" categorizes veterans based on when they served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Major periods include World War II (December 1941-December 1946), the Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), the Vietnam Era (August 1964-April 1975), the Gulf War (August 1990-August 2001), and Post-9/11 (September 2001 or later). Veterans may have served during multiple periods. Understanding the distribution of service periods helps communities in Whitman County, Washington provide appropriate services and support to their veteran population.

Veterans who served during the Gulf War era (1990-2001) and Post-9/11 era (2001-present) represent approximately 61.5% of all veterans in Whitman County, Washington. These more recent-era veterans, totaling around 1,146 individuals, often have different service experiences and support needs compared to veterans of earlier conflicts. They may benefit from targeted programs addressing issues such as transition to civilian life, employment assistance, and access to VA healthcare services.

In Whitman County, Washington, 800 families (9.3% of all families) live below the federal poverty line. This means their household income is less than 100% of the poverty threshold established by the U.S. Census Bureau, which varies by family size and composition. Out of 8,628 total families, these households face significant economic challenges meeting basic needs.

"Income-to-poverty ratio" measures how a family's income compares to the federal poverty threshold. A ratio of 1.00 (100%) means the family's income equals the poverty line. Below 1.00 indicates poverty, while ratios above 1.00 show income levels relative to poverty. For example, a ratio of 2.00 (200%) means the family earns twice the poverty threshold. In Whitman County, Washington, this data helps identify not just families in poverty, but also those who are economically vulnerable despite being above the official poverty line.

Beyond families living in poverty, Whitman County, Washington has 2,490 families (28.9%) with incomes between 100% and 199% of the poverty level. These families are often called 'near poverty' or low-income households. Specifically, 1,103 families (12.8%) have incomes between 100% and 149% of poverty. While technically above the poverty line, these families often struggle with housing costs, healthcare, childcare, and other expenses, making them economically vulnerable.

In Whitman County, Washington, 489 families (5.7%) live in extreme poverty, with incomes below 50% of the federal poverty threshold. These families face severe economic hardship and often require comprehensive assistance programs. On the other end of the spectrum, 5,338 families (61.9%) have incomes at least 200% above the poverty level, indicating greater financial stability and economic security.